IRON AGE
During the iron age, the people made progress by resorting to iron smelting technology since iron was cheaper than bronze. The iron age was the last period prior to the discovery of writing.
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Educational Technology During the Period of Ancient Civilizations
Paul Saetller (2004), traced the development of educational technology during the ancient civilization when the tribal priests introduced bodies of knowledge and ancient culture, and introduced sign writing or pictographs to record or transmit information.in pictographs, the people draw their ideas like house, fruits, vegetables, events and other thoughts and ideas. Instructional technique was found in every stage of human civilization based on the number of investigation and evidences.Technology of instruction was found to be more complex in highly advance cultures, and social behavior. likewise, diverse significant shift in educational values , goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.
The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations which stimulated and educated people and societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance. An important example of ancient language development was shown by the harappan people whose writing was described as pictographic script. The script contained 400 basic signs with variations. This writing technology, done from right to left was found on seals used in trade and official and administrative activities. more so, the harappan people expanded their craft through technology in making measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They also pioneered the development of uniform weights and measures ( P.N. Rao et al 2009).
The Chinese civilization, contributed technology like paper, seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, parachute, natural gas as fuel, magnetic compass, eleveted relief map and gun powder. With the invention of paper, came their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade paper products as means of visual aids.
Another language-related technology was the ancient Egyptian language which was one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc.These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. The stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued later on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic heiroglyphics in ancient Egypt.
Educational Technology During Medieval and Modern Period
paper and pulp papermaking process which was developed in
china during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was
spread to the Mediterrenean by the Muslim conquest. Evidences support that a
paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of
spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making process to a great
extent and when Lynn White added
spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the production of
cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing
technology.
The invention of the printing press took place in approximately
1450 AD, by JOHANNES GUTENBURG a German inventor. The event was a prime developmental
factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as
per the need of the complex and advance-technology cultured society.
During the pre-industrial phases, when industry was at the
handwork or artisan level the instructional process utilized gadgets like the
slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. During this time, only
textbook was used with a few illustration. Educational technology during those
times was associated with simple aids like charts and pictures.
In 1873, educational technology paved its way to be known as
AUDIO-VISUAL EDUCATION when an
international exhibition held in Vienna showcased the winning American
exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks, and other equipment. This was followed
by Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952), an
internationally renowned child educator, when she introduced the Montessori Method, which developed
graded designed activities to provide for the proper sequencing of subject
matter for each individual learner.
This effort marked the beginning of the dynamic educational
technology. Modern educational technology flourished as an extension of
Montessori's idea of prepared child centered environment.
Earlier than Montessori's innovation, Charles Babbage's
design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern
computer in 1883.
The art of teaching recommended for the application of knowledge
derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures along with the use
of automated teaching devices.
In 1929, the first practical use of regular television broadcasts
was done in Germany. The Olympic Games in 1936 were shown on television in Berlin.
Then, open circuit television began to broadcast entertainment in 1950. In
1960, television was used in education.
In 1943, the first computing machine was designed by
Babbage. In 1966, O.K. Moore developed a talking type tutorial Computer
Assisted Instruction ( CAI ). Since 1947, computers are interestingly used in
schools, colleges, and universities. In the beginning of the 19th century., there
were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting
Corporation ( BBC ), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had
maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the
USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel
to this time about 98% of the schools in UNITED KINGDOM were equipped with
radios and there were regularly daily programs.
In 1956, Benjamin
Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through
his publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The
classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I.: Cognitive Domain".
Educational technology begun in 1969 from America and Russia
and now, it has reached England, Europe and India. In 1961, Micro teaching
technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Standford
University in USA.
Electronics is the main technology being developed in the
beginning of the 21st century. Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied
almost all the important offices and educational places and even in common
places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers
with libraries and mobile phones.
Today's classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room
with rows of students using internet connected or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops,
notepads, or perhaps, students are attending a video conferencing or virtual
classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture.
Rapid technological changes in the field of education have created new ways to
teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to access
a variety of information on a global scale via the Internet, to enhance their
lessons as well as to make them competent professionals in their area of
concern. At the same time, students can utilized vast resources of the internet
to enrich their learning experience to cope up with the changing trends of
society. Nowadays, students as well as teachers are attending seminars,
conferences, workshops at national and international level by using multimedia
techno-resources like power point and they even pursue a variety of important
courses of their choice in distance mode via online learning. Online learning
facility has opened an infinite number of doors of opportunities for today's
learner to make their life happier than even before.
Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated
process which are applied and used by people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization.
It utilized varied technologies derived from different fields of science. The
technology use is based on specific needs and requirements of education to
address education-related problems to facilitate the implementation,
evaluation, of programs about human learning. Educational technology
development went through five stages.
STAGE 1
The first stage of educational technology is associated with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. Educational technology referred to audio-visual aids. Examples of these visual aids are those that cater to the sense of sight, sense of hearing, sense of touch, sense of smell and sense of taste. Reading materials such as books, magazines, journals, encyclopedia, charts, pictures, graphs, and illustrations fall under the category of materials under the sense of sight. for sense of hearing, technology involved the sound system, tapes and cassettes which were used during programs and school activities. Visual aids used to learn through sense of touch are showing texture, real objects, materials which can be manipulated by the learners. sense of smell and sense of taste are usually used in experiential learning in vocational and livelihood courses where the materials to be produced are manipulated by the learners as they produce new projects, and items in food technology, clothing technology, and related crafts projects like wood craft, metal craft, fiber craft and recycling activities. In other instances where resources were limited, the chalkboard, chalk charts and pictures were used.
STAGE 2
Stage 2 in the development of educational technology refers
to the introduction of electronics through the sophisticated hardware and
software. This stage shows the use of varied audio-visual gadgets like
projector, tape recorder, radio and television which marked changes in the
educational scenario. These gadgets were used for effective presentations in lectures and lessons.
STAGE 3
The third stage of educational technology revolved around
the use of communication enhancement equipment to promote mass media for
instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction ( CAI ) became important
component of instruction. Both students and teachers used computer to surf for
topics and some researches. The ERIC search was used to make a review of
researches undertaken on specific topics but for a corresponding fee usually
paid in the library.
STAGE 4
The fourth stage of educational technology exemplified
individualized teaching and learning with the use of programmed learning and
programmed instruction. It created a new approach to educational technology
with the introduction of self-learning based on self-instructional materials
and teaching machines. Students could avail of these instructional materials in
the library, in the computer store or in their own classrooms. The teachers
select materials for self-learning which are usually self-learning kits and
modules accessed in prints or via the computer. They are sometimes prepared by
the teacher or a group of teachers teaching common subjects.
STAGE 5
"The latest concept of educational technology is
influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which
focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction,
multimedia technologies and the use of the computer instruction. According to
it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and
evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific
objectives based on research." ( http://blitzlondon.blogspot.com/2012/10/history-of-educational-technology.html
)
HISTORY OF
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
( UNESCO ) uses the term ICTs, or information and communication technologies,
to describe:"...the tools and the processes to access, retrive, store, organize, manipulate, produce, present and
exchange information by electronic and other automated means. These include
hardware, software and telecommunications in the forms of personal computers, scanners,
digital, cameras, phones, faxes, modems, CD and DVD players and recorders,
digitised video, radio and TV programmes l, database programmes and multimedia
programmes" ( UNESCO Bangkok,2003, p.75; Anderson, p.5). Historical
context is important to better understand the evolution of Information and Communication
Technology ( ICT ) in education.
from the history old media, we know that new forms never replace the old one. Television did not kill radio and Internet did not kill TV. New forms of media rather complement the old ones, but do not countervail them. This naturally leads to greater choice for people, but also causes fragmentation. Different media devices and formats also get mixed up with each other and this way generates new forms that contain features from each of them. iPod is a good example of this. It is a kind of a walkman in the Internet era that can be used as a personalized radio.
FIVE PHASES
OF USING COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION
1. Late 1970's
- Early1980's: Programming, Drill, and Practice
This is the era when computers were beginning to be used in
school. It was in the early years of 1980's when teachers were teaching
"ADP" in class which stands for "automated data processing"
using Nokia MikroMikko.
The pedagogical reason to teach programming was not to train
ptogrammers, but to develop students' logic and math skills. There were also
software developed by teachers for simple drills and practice exercises for
math and language learning. These exercises didn't help students much to reach
any deeper understanding, as they were mainly simulating students' short term
memory and "trial, error, trial, error, trial, past" kind of activity
but these programs kept the wild children quiet ( for a while ) when teachers
were teaching those who were more into programming.
2. Late
1980's - Early 1990's: Computer Based Training ( CBT ) with Multimedia
Later, the multimedia computers, with advanced graphics and
sound came to the markets. It was improvement of the drill and practice
exercises which failed to teach the students that much due to the absence of
multimedia which contains colors and animation that motivated the students to do
the exercises.
This was known as the golden era of CD-ROMs and multimedia
computers which contributed a lot to students' learning. Students appeared to
learn better by watching movies/animations and listening to audios whereas some
learned better by reading or watching still images. The drill and practice
component ( now in colors ) was kept in there, too, but now it's role was more
to control yourself if you learned what the multimedia was trying to teach you.
The multimedia CD-ROMs did not either get people to deep
learning and understanding. They failed to be useful almost in all other study
subjects than language learning where part of the study work of many people
really requires hard practicing and repetition ( vocabulary, grammar etc.).
3.
Early1990's : Internet-Based Training ( IBT )
The third wave of using computers in education came with the
adoption of the World Wide Web. The failure of CD-ROMs were deemed related to
the challenges to update the content in the CD-ROMs. Since information changes
so fast, the internet became a rich source of the expanding knowledge in giving
Internet-based training, but again without the multimedia, all one could do on
the internet were early experiments with animations, videos and audios. It was
noticed that merely clicking and reading e-learning course materials online
didn't make people very smart. And again, some people claimed that the problem
was the lack of multimedia.
Later, users of internet-based training found it not to be
pedagogical, cost and time efficient, because after going through the
internet-based training, very little learning occurred.
4. Late
1990's - Early 2009: E-learning
Improvements were made on the Internet-based training in
late 1990's and early 2000 in the form of e-learning. The e-learning industry
was built, even though it was not proven that anyone ( except the IT managers )
needed these products. The markets for e-learning courses and especially for Learning
Management Systems ( LMS ) were created. An enormous number of websites,
articles and companies made it clear to all concerned with education that this is
something they must be involved in. The IT managers of thousands of educational
institutions and organizations were asked by the educational experts to come up
with e-learning solution and companies were happy to help the IT managers. The
pedagogical thinking around the e-learning is closely related to the computer-based
training. The point is to deliver courses for students. Later on, the learning platform
developers has become more aware that learning requires social activities among
the learners themselves.
5. Late 2000:
Social Software + Free and Open Content
In the late 2000, social software and free and open content
marked a real breakthrough in the field of educational technology. Blogs and
wikis have already brought web back to its original idea: simple tool for
personal notes that are easily accessible and even editable by peers and your
potential peers.
The pedagogical thinking behind the social software and free and open content can be rooted to the social constructivist theory and cultural-historical psychology. "Any true understanding is dialogic in nature." Mikhail Bakhtin and Lev Vygotsky wrote that "all higher [ mental ] functions originate as actual relations between human individuals."
REFERENCES:
Epifania V. Tabbada, Ed. D. , Maria Mercedes Buendia, MA. Ed. , Marcela J. Leus, Ed. D. Educational Techology 1, (2015) ADRIANA Publishing Corp.
Reflection
Here you can read how the people of ancient times were able to share it with modern technologies such as computers. and you can also read how the computer works more effectively every year. and how it has helped to spread the knowledge around the world for people who want nothing else but to share their knowledge with others.
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